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Some of the psychoactive actions
2019-10-10
Some of the psychoactive actions of nicotine are mediated by the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways (Di Chiara, 2000, Di Chiara et al., 2004). The nigrostriatal pathway originates in the dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra and terminates in the putamen and nucleus caudatus which
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In summary our findings indicate that bFGF
2019-10-10
In summary, our findings indicate that bFGF stimulates CPT1 expression, FA oxidation and lactate production with the participation of PPARβ/δ activation. On the other hand, this investigation shows that FSH concomitantly regulates the expression of genes involved in FA metabolism and in mitochondria
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Evodiamine The importance of mitochondria as site of aerobic
2019-10-10
The importance of mitochondria as site of aerobic oxidation of metabolic fuels, such as FA, has been recognized for a long time. It has been observed that the number of mitochondria may vary in response to cellular metabolic requirements and hormonal environment (Gao et al., 2014). In order to susta
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Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae a Gram negative enteric b
2019-10-10
Introduction Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative enteric bacterium, is an organism with significance in both biomedicine and biotechnology. Some of the strains of K. pneumoniae are opportunistic pathogens, which can cause suppurative infection, pneumoniae and urinary tract infection in humans (B
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br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion
2019-10-10
Materials and methods Results Discussion In this study, the N&B analysis showed new evidence regarding the proportion and the oligomerization state of the AT1 and the ETA receptors near or on the plasma membrane. Althought, preliminary studies suggest that the AT1 and the ETA receptors occu
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The serotonin transporter gene encodes an integral membrane
2019-10-09
The serotonin transporter gene () encodes an integral membrane protein that transports serotonin from the synaptic spaces into the presynaptic neurons. The encoded protein terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent way. This protein is a target of psychomotor stimulants
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The BDNF Val Met polymorphism is
2019-10-09
The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is also associated with decreased dendritic arborization and impaired long-term potentiation [25]. This is particularly important for the hippocampus, and healthy individuals with a BDNF Val66Met allele have decreased hippocampal volumes [30]. Hippocampal atrophy is c
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Two nutrient sensing pathways the cAMP protein kinase A PKA
2019-10-09
Two nutrient-sensing pathways, the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) pathway, are implicated in Msn2/4 regulation. Under non-stress conditions, Msn2 localizes in the cytoplasm and is inactivated by both PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the nuclear loca
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Resistance to avermectins has been associated with point mut
2019-10-09
Resistance to avermectins has been associated with point mutations of GluCls in C. elegans, D. melanogaster, T. urticae and P. xylostella (Dent et al., 2000; Dermauw et al., 2012; Kane et al., 2000; Kwon et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2016a, 2017). Our electrophysiological study found a 8.2-fold reducti
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PGE EP activation has been found to attenuate the
2019-10-09
PGE2-EP4 activation has been found to attenuate the activation of microglia and to prevent lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tcs products kinase inflammation [15]. Moreover, PGE2/EP4 signaling has elicited a protective func
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br Cytochrome P monooxygenases Cytochrome P monooxygenases P
2019-10-09
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) belong to one of Nature’s most versatile group of enzymes for C–H functionalization and are able to perform challenging regioselective and stereoselective activations of remote, unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds, for which there are o
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CYP A and CYP D
2019-10-09
CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 are among the main drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans that are responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of marketed drugs [19], [21]. Drugs metabolized by CYPs are prone to drug–drug interactions, thereby modifying their response [18], [32]. Metabolic inhibition is also i
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br Acknowledgments br Multicellular organisms respond rapidl
2019-10-09
Acknowledgments Multicellular organisms respond rapidly, and adapt to cellular stress to maximize cell survival. The cellular stress response, also called (ISR), is universally conserved and independent of the stressor. ISR induces rapid, transient reprogramming of cellular protein translation
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Immune Response and Immune Evasion Up to
2019-10-09
Immune Response and Immune Evasion Up to 10% of the host glycogen synthase kinase 3 are infected with EBV during acute infectious mononucleosis. Most of these cells are effectively cleared by the immune system, but some downregulate viral gene expression and differentiate into safety in the restin
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br Introduction Pattern separation is the ability to make
2019-10-09
Introduction Pattern separation is the ability to make distinct representations from highly overlapping information, a process which is important for memory encoding (Clelland et al., 2009). For correct pattern separation, old information needs to be retrieved and compared to new information. If