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  • Preparation of the regioisomeric pyridooxazepinones and was

    2021-01-14

    Preparation of the regioisomeric pyridooxazepinones 10 and 11 was accomplished utilizing the synthetic sequence depicted in Scheme 3. Amide coupling of 63 and lamotrigine chloride 64 afforded amide 65. Removal of the alcohol protecting group, followed by base catalyzed cyclization afforded a 1:2.4 mixture of regioisomeric chloropyridines 66 and 67, which were separated by chromatography. The primary amine functionality was incorporated via condensation with 4-methoxybenzylamine and deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. Base-catalyzed hydrolysis afforded acids 10 and 11. Syntheses of the neutral heterocycle-based analogs of 1 are depicted in Scheme 4. Condensation of the acid chloride of 1 with N-hydroxyacetamidine afforded 68 which was thermally cyclized to afford oxadiazole 52. Regioisomeric oxadiazole 53 was generated by dehydrative cyclization of bis-acetylated hydrazine 69. This intermediate was also utilized to prepare the corresponding thiadiazole 54. Condensation of the acid chloride of 1 with acetamidrazone, followed by thermal cyclization provided triazole analog 55. The corresponding N-methyl homolog 56 was prepared via condensation of thioamide 71 with acetyl hydrazide.
    Conclusion During preclinical evaluation of the prototypical DGAT-1 inhibitor 1 there were concerns around potential restriction of tissue distribution due to its associated low passive permeability, which in turn could limit efficacy. This led to initiation of a back-up program focused on the identification of analogs with enhanced passive permeability, while retaining the positive features of 1. The high polar surface area associated with this carboxylic acid-based structure limited the options available for tuning the properties to achieve acceptable passive permeability. Extensive SAR studies led to the identification of the neutral, oxadiazole 52 which is a potent hDGAT-1 inhibitor, with a balanced ADME profile. Off-target pharmacology and in vivo toleration analyses suggest that this compound is a selective DGAT-1 inhibitor, with an encouraging safety profile. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations revealed this neutral compound possessed comparable maximal efficacy relative to 1, suggesting that the polar nature of 1 did not inhibit exposure to key efficacy tissues in preclinical models. However, if the rodent PK/PD models do not translate into low doses in humans, there is the risk that the maximal absorbable dose of 1 will likely be capped due to its poor permeability. Thus, the enhanced permeability of 52 will likely allow a higher dosing paradigm in humans and that will allow for greater flexibility in addressing the potential of DGAT-1 inhibition in treating obesity and diabetes.
    Experimental
    Author contributions
    Acknowledgement
    Introduction Microalgae represent an outstanding natural source of biochemically active metabolites [1].These algae-derived products, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, have significant potential for applications in numerous industrial fields, and therefore have attracted much research and commercial interest. Myrmecia incisa Reisigl, a coccoid green alga belonging to Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta [2], is known as an arachidonic acid (ArA) producer. ArA is a polyunsaturated ω-6 fatty acid (20:4) that plays the role of a lipid second messenger involved in the cellular signaling. Besides, it also exhibits various physiological and nutritional functions [3] and therefore has been classified as a value-added product derived from microalgae. Under nitrogen starvation stress, the content of ArA in M. incisa is up to 7% of the dry weight biomass [4], much higher than other microorganisms. However, the exact mechanism of ArA accumulation in M. incisa remains unclear. According to Ouyang et al. [5], 76% of total ArA in M. incisa is deposited in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs), a class of neutral lipids. TAGs are nonpolar so that they are stored in a nearly anhydrous form, representing the major energy reservoir for eukaryotic cells [6]. Among various enzymes involved in the TAG biosynthesis, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is considered as the primary one in all organisms studied so far [7]. DGAT (EC 2.3.1.20) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the final step of de novo TAG biosynthesis in the Kennedy pathway, and it participates in storage lipid accumulation in plants as well [8]. Given that little is known about DGATs in algae, a better understanding of DGAT in M. incisa will help to figure out the metabolic pathway of TAGs, which may provide foundation for genetic manipulation of algae giving rise to the improved ArA production. Currently there are three families of DGATs identified in nature: DGAT1 and 2 are the main enzymes responsible for TAG formation in plants, whereas DGAT3 has only been reported in peanuts [9] whose exact function remains unclear. In this study, DGAT1 and 2 in M. incisa will be investigated for the first time. Previously we conducted the transcriptome analysis of M. incisa using 454 pyrosequencing, and a total of 754,208 high-quality reads were obtained [5], [10]. Based on those results, the present study aims to identify the novel genes encoding DGAT1 and 2 in M. incisa and determine their function in the host system.