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  • A large number of aldose reductase

    2023-05-26

    A large number of aldose reductase inhibitors have been prepared synthetically, and a limited number of them are therapeutically used. However, none of them is satisfactory. Here, Cannabis extracts with high content of non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids CBD/CBDA or CBG/CBGA showed statistically significant aldose reductase inhibitory activity in vitro by being able to interact with the major active site of enzyme. In particular, in the comparative molecular docking study CBDA, CBGA, and CBD displayed remarkable interaction with the critical active site aminoacids of ALR2. The results, also considered the beneficial actions of the CBD against diabetes and some of its complications [12], suggest that Cannabis based-preparations with high content of non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids such as CBD/CBDA and CBG/CBGA may have some relevance in medicine to prevent or treat possible diabetic complications. However, further in vivo studies are need to support this hypothesis.
    Conflict of interest
    Introduction Ocimum basilicum, commonly called as basil, member of the Lamiaceae family, which is cultivated commercially in several regions around the world [1]. More than 150 species of the genus Ocimum are known, among them basil is the major crop cultivated in many countries of the world. From ancient time until now, basil has been utilized as a popular culinary and medicinal herb. The leaves and salubrinal have been extensively used for the treatment of coughs, headaches, diarrhoea, kidney malfunctions as well as for its galactagogue, carminative, antispasmodic and stomachic properties [1], [2], [3]. Traditionally, basil has been extensively utilized in food as a flavouring agent, in perfume and medical industries [4]. Due to its diuretic and stimulating properties, basil have applications in pharmacy [5], [6]. An infusion of basil is considered to be diaphoretic, anti-helminthic, anti-diarrheic and anti-emetic [7]. The juice of basil shows stimulant, carminative actions. While it’s essential oil also possesses anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and insecticidal effects [8], [9]. The flowers of this plant are also diuretic, stimulant and demulcent in action [10]. The flowers of basil are also considered to be anti-spasmodic, carminative and digestive stimulant [11]. Basil essential oils mainly contain the group of terpenoid components, which includes sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes and their oxygenated derivatives [12], [13]. The essential oil mainly exhibits anti-fungal and anti-insecticidal activity [14], [15], [16]. Various researchers have reported that both Ocimum essential oil and its various extracts were exhibiting antibacterial activities against gram positive and gram negative bacteria [17], [18]. Ocimum basilicum is a rich source of bioactive chemicals. Because many of them are largely free from adverse effects and have excellent pharmacological actions, they could salubrinal lead to the development of new classes of possibly safer anti-diabetic agents and anti-diabetic complication. Additionally, some coumarins and polyphenols and their sugar derivatives are found to be effective on the inhibitory aldose reductase. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an incessant disease worldwide. Nearly half a billion world population is affected by DM, rather about 80% affected masses belong to developing and under developed countries. The close biological and epidemiological proximity of DM and cancer suggest that DM also enhances the possibility of onset and proliferation of various cancer types [19], [20]. Diabetic complications associated with hyperglycemia are majorly comprised of diabetic retinopathy, cancer, neuropathy, mood disorders, nephropathy and others [21], [22], [23]. Hyperglycemia leads to non-insulin dependent uptake of glucose and triggers the polyol pathway [24]. The polyol pathway is primarily involved in the NADPH dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol via aldose reductase (AKR1B1) [25]. The metabolic conversion of sorbitol by sorbitol-dehydrogenase enzyme and the reduced penetration of sorbitol increase the flux of glucose. This increased flux result in high osmotic stress and hence the associated secondary complications arise [21], [22], [23], [25].