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  • The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship

    2024-03-01

    The purpose of this Nitrendipine study is to examine the relationship between ACEs and engagement in treatment among a sample of youth in residential treatment centers (RTCs). It is hypothesized that youth with higher ACE scores will have lower levels of engagement in treatment. In order to thoroughly explore the relationship between ACEs and engagement, this study examines individual types of ACEs and individual components of engagement. The different types of ACE have been categorized in prior ACE research into three groups known as abuse, neglect and household problems (Dube et al., 2003). Engagement has also been divided into three components, readiness to change, bond with staff, and collaboration on goals and tasks (Cunningham et al., 2009). Third, in addition to the ACE and engagement measures, family attachment and externalizing behavior are considered. These measures were selected based on a review of previous research on engagement in treatment that found that better parental attachment was related to higher levels engagement in treatment (Broome, Joe, & Simpson, 2001). Further, youth who demonstrate higher levels of externalizing behaviors are less likely to engage in treatment (Eltz, Shirk, & Sarlin, 1995; Hoagwood, 2005; Shirk & Karver, 2003).
    Methods
    Results
    Discussion
    Implications While there is some suggestion in the literature that previous maltreatment may have a negative impact on engagement in treatment (Eltz et al., 1995), results from this analysis suggest that higher levels of trauma did not result in significantly lower levels of engagement or its components for males in RTC. In fact, all significant results were in the positive direction; those with high ACEs had higher levels of engagement and its components.
    Conclusion
    Conflicts of interest
    Introduction In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of people with unhealthy living habits, such as smoking, excessive consumption of high-salt foods, and inadequate physical exercise, who have developed cardiovascular disease (CVD). The WHO reported that more than 17.5 million people die as a result of cardiovascular disease every year (Organization, 2016). CVD has become the leading global cause of death (Celermajer, Chow, Marijon, Anstey, & Woo, 2012). Hypertension is one of the independent risk factors for CVD, with characteristics of frequent, chronic, and age-related disorders (Cannon, 2007). Therefore, blood-pressure lowering treatment can prevent cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) belongs to a family of zinc metallopeptidases and plays a vital role in in vivo blood pressure regulation through both the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). In the RAS, the potent vasopressor angiotensin II is released by the ACE-induced cleavage of the C-terminal dipeptide from angiotensin I (Skeggs, Kahn, & Shumway, 1956). In the KKS, the vasodilator bradykinin is inactivated by ACE through the removal of the two C-terminal dipeptides (Yang, Erdös, & Levin, 1970). Consequently, ACE-inhibitory substances (ACE inhibitors; ACEIs) are used to lower blood pressure (Hai-Lun, Xiu-Lan, Cai-Yun, Yu-Zhong, & Bai-Cheng, 2006). Many potent synthetic ACE inhibitors are currently used for the clinical treatment of hypertension in humans (López-Fandiño, Otte, & Van Camp, 2006). However, these synthetic drugs have various side effects, such as hypotension, coughing, increased potassium levels, reduced renal function and fetal abnormalities (Kim & Wijesekara, 2010). Therefore, food-derived ACE inhibitors with improved safety characteristics in comparison with synthetic drugs have attracted attention from a wide range of sources (Liu et al., 2013). Many peptides with ACEI activity have been isolated and identified from food-derived proteins, including milk, soybean, animal muscle, wheat germ protein and fish protein (Fujita and Yoshikawa, 1999, Jia et al., 2010, Pihlanto-Leppälä, 2000, Vercruysse et al., 2005).